chadvelscience

Definition of Aromatic Compounds: "Compounds containing benzene ring have distinctive fragrances. Hence, benzene family compounds are called Aromatic compounds . Example: Toluene, Aniline and Phenol". Figure 1.1 Long form of IUPAC: "International union of pure and applied chemistry". Aromatic compounds having benzene in their structural formula have been important in Chemistry. In the IUPAC naming of  aromatic compounds  common names of derivatives of benzene, such as Toluene, Aniline and Phenol, are used to name the whole compound. Figure  below shows the structure of Toluene, Aniline and Phenol: Let's see how these derivatives of benzene are named: No.1)   Figure 1.2 W hen benzene ring has only one substituent, there is no need of numbering. And as per IUPAC, first comes the name of substituent, followed by the common name  benzene. Example: Toluene, Aniline, and Phenol. No.2)   Figure 1.3 When benzene ring has more than one substituent, then, start numbering

It is always refreshing to smell "aroma" of a beautiful flower or a perfume. In the early 19th century chemists came across compounds having distinctive fragrances. Then in 1825, Michael Faraday isolated a  hydrocarbon compound called " benzene ", with molecular formula C 6 H 6 . Such, hydrocarbon compounds having a benzene, found to have a distinctive fragrances hence, this benzene family compounds with distinctive aroma are called " Aromatic compunds ". Aromatic compounds. In benzene(C 6 H 6 ), each carbon atom uses three valence electrons to bond to one hydrogen and to two adjacent carbon atoms.  Carbon actually has four valence electrons to share with any atom it is supossed to bond but here we saw in benzene,  carbon atom just used three of its four valence electrons. So, the question is where this last electron got used; scientists first thought this last electron is used to form a double bond with an adjacent carbon atom. This dilemma among exper

Since many centuries we human beings, have been using polymers. Chemists and scientists have been curious and eventually this chemistry experts did hard work and thus, today we know everything about Organic compounds . Apart from alkanes , alkenes and alkynes , there is a very interesting family of compounds that we need to understand about, called Polymers. What is polymer: The Swedish chemist Jon Jacob Berzelius in 1833, first used the word polymer where "poly" in latin means "many" and "mer" means "units". Thus, the polymer is a macromolecules (large molecule) formed of many repeating units of monomers.  Natural Polymer: Wool, amber, natural rubber, cellulose and many such examples found in nature are examples of natural polymers.  Synthetic Polymer: Due to centuries of advancements in the field of chemistry, we have been artificially synthesizing polymers such as polythene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropene and many others. Plastic wraps, cups,

Approximately 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago a geological process began acting on the remains of plants and animals and as a result of such a long process occurring under layers of earth's crust, today we have fossil fuels. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and crude oil are the fossil fuels which we use in our daily life in one or the other form and knowingly or unknowingly we have become slaves of this fossil fuels.  Organic compounds  such as alkanes , akenes, alkynes and polymers  also known as hydrocarbons, which are mainly derived from fossil fuels. This, hydrocarbons are the organic compounds majorly formed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. To know about  IUPAC nomclature of alkanes you can check out my earlier blogs. In this blog we will study alkenes and alkynes. Let's start: Alkenes and alkynes are the hydrocarbon compounds with at least one double and triple bond respectively.  Figure1.1 For example: we will see first member of alkene family, called Ethene and also know

I am quiet confident that you must be enjoying your christmas holidays to the fullest. Welcome to my blog Chadvelscience.  Till now we have learned, what are organic compounds and individual names of all alkanes from methane to decane. Today we will study how alkyl groups are formed and how they are named as per IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Formation of Alkyl group: An alkane missing one hydrogen atom, then that particular alkane is called an alkyl. As per IUPAC nomenclature system, such an alkyl-group is named replacing "ane" from an alkane. For example: methane becomes methyl, Ethane becomes ethyl. These alkyl groups contains free electrons ready to be donated, cannot exists by themselves; in order to achieve more stable form they must attached to nearby halogens( fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine). In order to name any chemical compound there is a standard method of naming called IUPAC nomenclature. The long form of IUPAC is " International Union of P

Alkanes: I have discussed definition of Organic compounds in my earlier blogs but still we will go through the definition once again. So, The organic compounds are the compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms. These organic compounds may also contain oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, phosphorous, and halogens. Alkanes are the organic compounds formed of carbon and hydrogen, bonded only by single bonds. Carbon chain in alkanes contains only single bond and this is a unique characteristic which differentiates alkanes from other types of organic compounds. Let's see who are the members of alkane family in the figure as follows: You can see in the figure above all the condensed structural formulas of alkanes from Methane to Decane shows all carbons attached by single bond in a straight chain. But there are the type of alkanes with a structure having a branch or group(functional group) attached to such a single chain structure. Hence, keeping this in mind, structure of alkanes can be of